When I get a new Civil War book, I first look at the endnotes/footnotes
so I can see the kinds of sources that the author used. Perhaps this makes me a
geek, but I like to see how an author constructed the book. Over the years,
I’ve read a fair number of books relating to the trans-Mississippi, and there
are certain sources that I see referenced over and over. One of these is the
trilogy written by Anne Heloise Abel, a pioneering historian. Published between
1915 and 1925, Abel studied the fate of the slaveholding Indians (the
Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles) in the Indian Territory
from 1830-1866. Most modern historians focus on relatively small slices of
history so I am impressed at Abel’s audacity in tackling a large and complex
topic.
According to the introduction in the modern reprint of her trilogy, Abel
was born in England, but her family emigrated to Kansas when she was a still a
youngster. She earned her first degrees at the University of Kansas and then
earned a Ph.D. at Yale University. How and why she became interested in the
topic of slaveholding Indians during the war is a mystery to me; perhaps it
related to her time at the University of Kansas. Several years after earning
her Ph.D., she taught at a college in Baltimore and traveled regularly to
Washington, D. C. to examine Bureau of Indian Affairs records. Abel was the
first historian to study many of these documents.
Admittedly, it took me several years to work up the courage to begin
reading her books as I assumed that they were densely written. Much to my
surprise they proved to be well organized and quite readable. However, she
was fond, quite fond, of footnotes and some pages consist primarily of notes.
She had a tendency to include transcriptions of excerpts and even entire
documents in her notes. Although this is viewed as quite old-fashioned today, I
have actually found her notes to be quite valuable in my latest research
project. Another refreshing feature of her books is the almost total absence of
typographical errors. One of my pet peeves in recent years has been the great increase
in typographical errors in history books. Not too long ago, I had to set aside
a book for a few days because I became so irritated at the many typos. But, I
digress… A major negative feature of Abel’s trilogy is her outmoded,
ethnocentric references to Indians; her wording can be quite jarring. Also, she
failed to make use of Indian sources in her study. In spite of these
criticisms, though, Abel’s work has stood the test of time. It has been almost
100 years since her trilogy was published and essentially every journal article
or book dealing with the Indian Territory references her work. Now, that is
staying power!
Bibliographic citations for her books:
Abel, Annie Heloise. The
American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist. Cleveland: Arthur H.
Clarke, 1915; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992.
Abel, Annie Heloise. The
American Indian in the Civil War, 1862-1865. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clarke,
1919; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992.
Abel, Annie Heloise. The
American Indian and the End of the Confederacy, 1863-1866. Cleveland:
Arthur H. Clarke, 1925; reprint ed., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,
1993.
